fungal ITS region and sequencing the amplified DNA. Students may
also identify any unknown bacterial species through a similar method
by PCR amplifying and sequencing the 16S ribosomal region of the
bacteria. This allows students to use modern DNA technologies and
DNA computer databases, bringing modern technologies into the
spectrum of their learning and into an experiment that changed the
face of medicine.
References
American Chemical Society & Royal Society of Chemistry (ACS & RCC). (1999).
The Discovery and Development of Penicillin, 1928–1945. Retrieved from
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/
landmarks/ flemingpenicillin.html
Andrews, M. (1931, March). Ugly green mold is food and medicine. Popular
Science.
Brown, O. R. (1966). Instrumented quantitation of live bacteria in the
presence of dead cells. Applied Microbiology, 14(6): 1054–1055.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1999). Achievements in
Public Health, 1900–1999: Control of Infectious Diseases. Morbidity &
Mortality Weekly Report, 48(29), 521– 629.Re trieved from https://www.
Fraser, S. L., & Sinave, C. P. (2017, Sep 5). Enterobacter infections Treatment &
management. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/
216845-treatment
From Mold to Medicine: A Classroom Exercise in Scientific Research:
SM-1, SM-2, Teacher’s Manual. (1992). Department of Biological Science,
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J. C., & Samson, R. A. (2011). Fleming’s penicillin
producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens. IMA
Fungus, 2(1), 87–95.
Kheirolomoom, A., Kazemi-Vaysari, A., Ardjmand, M., & Baradar-Khoshfetrat, A. (1999). The combined effects of pH and temperature on
penicillin G decomposition and its stability modeling.” Process
Biochemistry, 35(1–2), 205–211.
Madrazo Jr., G. M., & Hounshell, P. B. (1979). Using fungi (the almost-forgotten
organisms) in the classroom. American Biology Teacher, 41(9), 530–533.
Morris, S. C. (1978). An evaluation of optical density to estimate fungal spore
concentrations in water suspensions. Phytopathology, 68(8), 1240.
Raper, K. B. (1946). The development of improved penicillin-producing
molds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 48(2), 41–56.
Wood, J. (2010, July 17). Penicillin: The Oxford story [Web log post]. Oxford
Science Blog. Retrieved from http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/
penicillin-oxford-story
JESSE A. LEWIS ( Jlewis2@email.arizona.edu) is a Graduate Research
Assistant in the BIOTECH Project, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St,
Tucson, AZ 85721, 520-626-4664. DR. NADJA ANDERSON ( Nadja@bio5.org)
is Director of the BIOTECH Project, University of Arizona.
AS
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